Wood-gluing and clamping system and products

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a wood-gluing system enabling the continuous production of glued pieces of lumber for panels and the like. The system includes a deck, a horizontal displacement system for advancing lumber across the deck, a braking system, a one-way clamping system and an upstream pressure system. The system may be used in conjunction with finger-jointing processes or with single pieces of lumber and may be used for the production of both furniture grade and construction grade wood products to NLGA and NGRC standards.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a wood gluing and clamping system enabling the continuous production of edge or face glued pieces of lumber for panels and the like. The system includes a deck, a horizontal displacement system for advancing lumber across the deck, a braking system, a one-way clamping system and an upstream pressure system. The edge-gluing system may be used in conjunction with finger-jointing processes or with single pieces of lumber and may be used for the production of both furniture grade and construction grade wood products to NLGA and NGRC standards.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the lumber industry, it is well known that wood boards can be edge-glued to create larger panels of wood or face-glued to create beams.

It is also known that the scrap wood from various high-end lumber operations such as sawmill operations contain useful quantities of wood fibre which can be salvaged for lower-end lumber operations including the production of finger-jointed wood products. Finger-jointing processes cut usable wood fibre from scrap material and through shaping, gluing and clamping the ends of the scrap material create longer lengths or boards of lumber. The resulting longer boards built up from shorter lengths have advantages over equivalent lengths of solid, single piece lumber including 1) they will often be less expensive, 2) using certain glues, they will often have structural strengths equivalent to or greater than the strengths of an equivalent length of solid, single-piece lumber and, 3) longer, stable and straight boards of lumber (typically up to 62 feet) can be created.

As with solid, single-piece boards, finger jointed boards can, depending on certification, be utilized as conventional lumber (ie for framing) or can be edge-glued and/or face-glued to create other lumber products. In particular, edge-glued lumber can be used to create slabs and face-glued lumber can be used to create beams.

Over the years, many techniques for finger jointing have evolved and continue to evolve both with respect to materials handling aspects of the process as well as with the gluing technology. For example, and with respect to gluing technology, in high speed operations producing finger jointed lumber, it is desirable that glue set times are fast in order to maintain high throughput levels. However, high-speed gluing requires that a careful balance be maintained between the glue set time and production speed to ensure that the glue sets during the clamping phase of assembly and not too early or too late in the process. In particular, a glue setting too early in the process will prevent proper assembly of the finger-jointed pieces whereas a glue setting too late will require longer clamping times. Furthermore, there remains the problem that faster setting adhesives may set up in the pot or barrel.

Past glues have included phenol based glues which through a combination of moisture and heat-activation (microwaves) initiate the glue setting which in combination with the joint structure provide the resulting adhesive and structural strength at the joint. However, heat-activated glues utilizing microwaves require complex tunnels to both emit the microwaves and shield the plant from this radiation. In addition, the technology relating to products manufactured from phenol glues lend themselves to batch processes as opposed to continuous flow production by virtue of glue-setting apparatus. This is particularly true with respect to an edge gluing process.

As a result of some of the problems of phenol glues, quick-setting polyurethane glues have been developed and incorporated into high speed finger jointing operations. Polyurethane glues require moisture for setting which may have to be introduced into the process depending on the moisture content of the wood. Thus, the use of polyurethane glues is particularly suited to use with gluing green or wet-wood. Furthermore, polyurethane glues do not require the same specialized clamping and setting equipment as heat activation systems.

The equipment presently used in the continuous production of single lengths of lumber initially creates a series of fingers on the ends of each piece of wood. Glue is applied to each finger joint and each piece of wood is moved onto a linear shuttle which accelerates successive pieces of wood against and into a leading piece of wood thereby causing adjacent finger joints on each piece of wood to interlock. At the end of the shuttle run, the assembled pieces are stopped against a first clamping surface, trimmed to length, moved sideways out of the shuttle run whereupon a longitudinal clamping pressure is applied to fully engage the finger joints. The resulting length of lumber is released from the clamp onto a horizontal deck to allow for final curing of the glue. As successive pieces of lumber are created, cut to length, moved sideways, clamped and released onto the horizontal deck, each piece of lumber is horizontally displaced across the deck. At the edge of the deck, each piece is removed for final processing, cleaning and packaging.

In the past, individual boards of single-piece or finger-jointed lumber could be subsequently assembled by edge-gluing to create slabs or face-glued to create beams in one or more separate operations to the milling or finger-jointing processes.

For example, past edge-gluing processes apply glue to the edges of adjacent boards and clamp and press adjacent boards together while the glue is curing to form a slab. However, such processes are generally non-continuous, slow and/or labour-intensive which results in higher production costs than could be achieved if the slab was created as part of the initial milling or finger-jointing assembly process.

Accordingly, there has been a need for an edge or face gluing process and apparatus that provides the continuous assembly of lumber into edge-glued or face-glued slabs at high speed and pressure.

Another problem with past wood-gluing equipment is the clamping pressure profile applied to a growing slab. That is, in past systems which may apply a clamping pressure across a growing slab, as each successive board is added to the growing slab, there are substantial changes in the clamping pressure as linear shuttles advance and retreat. Accordingly, there has been a need for a wood-gluing process and apparatus which provides a high, continuous clamping pressure across the width of the slab while additional boards are being prepared and added to the slab.

Further still, there is a distinction between panels manufactured for furniture and for construction. In particular, construction grade lumber requires that the strength of any glued joint meets certain design values established for the particular grade whereas furniture grade wood does not require the same joint strength or integrity. For example, in manufacturing construction grade lumber from glued pieces of wood (either finger jointed or edge-glued) using cold-clamping with a polyurethane adhesive, constant high clamping pressures are required to ensure maximum joint strength and proper glue penetration into the wood during the curing cycle.

Furthermore, in particular jurisdictions, the use of wood for construction purposes requires that the lumber meet the standards required under jurisdictional building codes such as the Canadian and U.S. building codes. In North America, the Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB) and the American Lumber Standard (ALS) Board of Review, approve and enforce the rules established by the Canadian National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA) and the National Grading Rules Committee (NGRC) respectively. The Canadian National Lumber Grade Authority (NLGA) conforms to the National Grading Rule (NGRC) in its own rules for dimension lumber, with some exceptions. For example, the NLGA establishes unique design values for fibre of Canadian origin. Certification of product under these rules is required to enable the use of product by the builders as is required by code officials.

Structural lumber products range in dimensions of width and thickness from 2″ to 4″ thick by 2″ and wider. The certification grades, from lowest to highest, progress through stud grade, #2, #1 and select structural. Standards for each grade are described in the manuals of the NLGA, and American rules writing agencies conform to the Department of Commerce PS 20-99 (American Softwood Lumber Standard) determine end uses as prescribed by the appropriate building code agency. All rules and standards under the NLGA and NGRC as of the date of this document are incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, while it is understood that certification standards may change in the future, the current standards (dated 2002) are the standards as referenced in this application.

In the past, commercial production of certificated edge-glued structural lumber has not been achieved. Accordingly, there has been a further need for cost effective, high-speed edge-glued and finger-jointed structural lumber products, which meet inter alia North American Building Code requirements.

More specifically, edge-glued boards manufactured from either solid lumber or finger-jointed boards have not passed the certification standards for construction grade lumber and, in particular, commercial production of certification standards #2, #1 and select structural have not been achieved. Accordingly, there has been a further need for cost effective, high-speed edge-glued and finger-jointed structural lumber products which meet the certification standards for a range of dimensions.

Past edge-gluing systems have not solved the above problems of manufacture, quality or commercial viability. A review of the prior art has revealed U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,053 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,620 (Grenier) which disclose a process for adhesively bonding finger jointed lengths of wood in side-by-side relationship to form boards; U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,871 (Weinstock) which discloses a method and apparatus for laminating timber to form laminated beams; U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,597 (Schulte) which discloses a method for producing a veneer web which are bonded side-by-side to form a veneer web; U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,191 (Robinson) which discloses a method and apparatus of fabricating trailer flooring via an edge-gluing process and U.S. Pat. No. 3,927,705 (Cromeens), U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,119 (Maier), U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,521 (Redekop) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,910 (Hill) which each disclose finger jointing apparatus per se.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention solves the above problems by providing a high-speed clamping system that maintains high horizontal clamping pressure across the width of a growing slab while exposing the trailing edge of the growing slab for addition of a further board. In addition, the clamping system allows for the horizontal displacement of the growing slab away from a shuttle delivering a further board for ultimate removal from the system.

More specifically, and in accordance with the invention, there is provided an apparatus for applying a consistent clamping pressure between a plurality of boards compising:

-   -   a) a deck for supporting a plurality of boards, the deck having         an upstream end and downstream end;     -   b) a horizontal displacement system operatively connected to the         upstream end for applying a downstream force to the plurality of         boards, the horizontal displacement system operable between a         disengaged position allowing a new board to be positioned         adjacent the upstream end and an engaged position where the         plurality of boards is advanced towards the downstream end;     -   c) a braking system operatively connected to the downstream end         for retarding advancement of the plurality of boards along the         deck when the downstream force is below a threshold pressure and         for allowing advancement of the plurality of boards if the         downstream force exceeds the threshold pressure, the braking         system including an upstream pressure system for applying a         continuous upstream pressure to the plurality of boards when the         horizontal displacement system is moving from the engaged         position to the disengaged position; and,     -   d) a one-way clamping system operatively connected to the deck         for preventing upstream movement of the plurality of boards when         the horizontal displacement system is moving from the engaged         position to the disengaged position.

In another embodiment, a system for maintaining a high inter-joint pressure across a plurality of glued boards being continuously assembled on a deck is provided, comprising a downstream pressure system, a braking system, an upstream pressure system and a clamping system operatively connected to the deck.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method of maintaining a high inter-joint pressure between a plurality of boards being assembled into a panel or beam comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) advancing a board across a deck by a horizontal displacement         system through a clamping system restricting the upstream         movement of the board; and     -   b) restricting the downstream movement of the plurality of         boards with a braking system having a threshold pressure, the         braking system further providing an upstream pressure against         the clamping system.

In further embodiments of the invention, a structural wood product is provided comprising a plurality of edge-glued boards wherein the structural wood product meets any one of or a combination of NLGA and NGRC standards for No 2 or higher wood grades and preferably No 1 or select structural standards. In one embodiment each board comprises a plurality of finger-jointed blocks.

The dimensions of the structural wood product may be standard lumber dimension products such as 2×6 or 2×8 or custom dimension products

Preferably, the structural wood products includes edge-glued boards that are cold-pressed with a polyurethane glue or any certified adhesive meeting ASTM 2559.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of the invention are described with reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a wood clamping system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1 a is a schematic side view of the horizontal displacement system showing the engaged and disengaged positions;

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of the wood clamping system in accordance with two embodiments of the invention, the first in conjunction with edge-gluing single pieces of lumber and the second in conjunction with a finger-jointing process,

FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of the braking system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic plan view of the braking, the back-pressure and panel press systems in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 a is a schematic side view of the panel press system and an alternate embodiment of the clamping system in accordance with different embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing inter-board joint pressure as a function of time; and

FIG. 5 a is a graph showing inter-board joint pressure as a function of time in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of another embodiment of the clamping system in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is data obtained in accordance with testing standards (referred to as “The Standard”) for the NLGA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

System Overview

In accordance with the invention and with reference to the figures, a wood gluing and clamping system 10 is described which provides a continuous clamping pressure across a deck 11 of a growing slab or panel of glued lumber 12. The system 10 generally includes a deck 11, a braking system 14, an upstream pressure system 30, a series of one-way clamps 18 and a horizontal displacement system 22 for forming a panel of edge-glued lumber or a beam of face-glued lumber. The following description is written in the context of an edge-gluing system although it is understood that the system may be used in the same manner for face-gluing.

In operation, a slab or panel of edge-glued boards (shown as panels 8, 9 and 12 in FIGS. 1 and 2) is created by successively shuttling a new board 12 b past a glue station 13 to the trailing end 20 of the deck 11 whereupon the horizontal displacement system (HDS) 22 applies a sideways and translational force to the trailing edge 12 a of the board 12 b, thereby causing board 12 b to engage with the edge 12 c of a previously positioned board. As the new board 12 b engages with the previously positioned board, the HDS meets resistance and the interface clamping pressure between boards 12 and 12 b increases as the HDS continues to apply a translational force. The interface clamping pressure increases across the deck until each panel 8, 9, 12 is ultimately displaced across the deck in a step-wise manner. After the panels 8, 9, 12 are displaced a fixed amount (typically, the width of one board), the HDS retracts to an unengaged position to await the arrival of a new board.

As each panel 8, 9, 12 advances, a high pressure is maintained at each glue/board interface by the combination of the braking system 14 and upstream pressure system 30 at the leading edge 16 of the slab and a series of one-way clamps 18 which prevent backward movement of the slab at the trailing edge 20 of the slab as the HDS moves to its unengaged position.

More specifically, as each panel 8, 9, 12 advances across the deck 11, the upper and lower surfaces of each panel are engaged by the braking system 14 which retards the advancement of the panel 12 along the deck 11 by applying a squeezing pressure against the upper and lower surfaces of the specific panel (panel 9 in FIGS. 1 and 2) engaged with the braking system. The braking system 14 has a threshold pressure which prevents movement of the panel 9 through the braking system if the threshold pressure is not exceeded but allows the panel 9 to pass through the braking system 14 once the threshold pressure is exceeded. Horizontal pressure against the braking system 14 is provided by the HDS 22. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the braking system 14 frictionally engages with the upper and lower surfaces of the panel at the upstream end 16 of the deck 11.

As shown in FIG. 1 a, the HDS operates between an unengaged position in which it is not making contact with the upstream edge 12 a of the slab and an engaged position in which it is in contact with the upstream edge 12 a of the slab and pushing the slab 11 through both the braking system 14 and one-way clamps 18.

As pressure from the HDS 22 is released as the HDS moves from the engaged to the disengaged position, the one-way clamps prevent significant movement of the slab 12 in an upstream direction. In another embodiment as shown in FIG. 6 and explained in greater detail below, two hinged blades 90, 90 a act as one-way clamps, reducing movement of the slab as the HDS moves to the disengaged position.

Importantly, the braking system 14 and upstream pressure system 30, in addition to retarding forward motion of the slab, also provides an upstream clamping pressure against the panels 9, 12. That is, as the HDS is moving from the unengaged position to the fully engaged position and is increasing the displacement pressure, the HDS is initially overcoming an upstream pressure from the upstream pressure system 30 and secondly, is overcoming the threshold pressure of the braking system 14. As shown, the upstream pressure system 30 includes a plurality of springs 32 spaced along the braking element in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. As explained in greater detail below, FIG. 1 shows an embodiment where the upstream pressure system is upstream of the braking system 14 and FIG. 2 shows an embodiment where the upstream pressure system is downstream of the braking system 14.

After the HDS reaches a fully extended position (designated position x as shown in FIG. 1 a), the HDS reverses direction and returns to the fully disengaged position (designated position y in FIG. 1 a). The new trailing edge 12 a of the slab 12 is prevented from upstream movement by the one-way clamping system 18 with the upstream pressure system maintaining a high joint pressure. As shown in FIG. 5, as the HDS moves to the disengaged position and the upstream pressure elements apply an upstream force against the panel, the joint pressure will decrease slightly but will be maintained within a high but narrow pressure range. This is contrasted with the typical joint pressure profile of the prior art as also shown in FIG. 5. By virtue of the high joint pressure across the deck, glue penetration, and hence joint strength makes the subject invention particularly suitable for the manufacture of construction grade lumber.

In another embodiment as shown in FIG. 6, the one-way clamping system is actuated from a hydraulic cylinder 52, applying downward pressure on a wedge-shaped, fixed plate friction block 95 that meets the upper surface of the panel 12. The friction block is preferably a wedge shape in order to more evenly distribute downward pressure against the slab in order to reduce damage to the wood and to prevent any twisting or rolling of the one-way clamping system. As well, the wedge-shaped block allows the knives 90, 90 a to penetrate the surface of the panel 12 only to the extent to which the knives 90, 90 a extend below the block 95.

In a preferred embodiment, two knives 90, 90 a are secured to the fixed plate 95 which is pressed into the slab to prevent upstream movement. The knives are connected to the fixed plate 95 at pivots 92 allowing the knives 90, 90 a to pivot downstream if the panel is moving downstream with the knives 90, 90 a engaged with the panel so as to avoid tearing damage to the panel. Springs 91 bias the knives upstream against backstop 93 as contact with the panel is broken to ensure that the knives are vertical as the clamping system engages the panel. Two knives are preferably used to minimize the depth of penetration of each knife blade required to effectively retard upstream movement.

As indicated above, the system may be used to create edge-glued panels or face-glued beams from both single-piece boards and multi-piece finger-jointed boards. It is also understood that the system be used for both furniture grade and construction grade products.

Further details and embodiments of the sub-systems are described below:

Horizontal Displacement Systent

The horizontal displacement system 22 includes a board contacting member 22 a running the length of the deck 11 and positioned at the upstream end of the deck 11. In most implementations of the system, the board contacting member will typically range in length from 10-62 feet as may be determined by the actual deployment of the system 10 and the desired end product. Translational actuation of the board contacting member 22 a is realized by a plurality of hydraulic units 22 b operatively connected to the board contacting member 22 a and to a fixed surface (not shown). The number and spacing of the hydraulic units 22 b is determined by the performance specifications of each hydraulic unit and the desired inter-joint pressures. Appropriate hydraulic control of each hydraulic unit is provided by an appropriate hydraulic control unit (not shown) to provide synchronous actuation of all the hydraulic units 22 b. Furthermore, the HDS may include a rack and pinion system (not shown) to ensure alignment of the board contacting member 22 a along the length of the deck 11.

Braking and Upstream Pressure System

The braking system 14, as described above, functions to retard the advancement of each panel across the deck when the HDS 22 is applying a pressure below the threshold pressure and to allow advancement of the panel through the braking system when the threshold pressure is exceeded. The upstream pressure system 30 functions to maintain an upstream pressure against each panel when the HDS is moving to the fully disengaged position and moving to the fully engaged position but below the threshold pressure.

As shown in FIGS. 1-4, the braking system includes at least one friction plate 50 and a hydraulic cylinder 52. The friction plate 50 applies a downward pressure against the upper surface of the panel 9 as applied by the hydraulic cylinder 52. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, a second friction plate 50 a is provided on the underside of the deck 11.

The upstream pressure system 30 includes at least one spring 32 which biases the friction plate 50 upstream. As shown in FIG. 1, the upstream pressure system may include both topside 32 and underside 32 a springs. FIG. 1 also shows an embodiment in which the upstream pressure system is positioned upstream of the friction plate 50 where springs 32, 32 a are compressible within supporting brackets 34, 34 a, 36 and 36 a which are secured to the friction blocks 50, 50 a and an immovable surface, respectively. The underside friction block 50 a is preferably supported on rollers 54 which allow the friction block to travel upstream/downstream as required. Hydraulic cylinder 52 may be pivoted to allow this travel.

In another embodiment, the upstream pressure system 30 includes hydraulic cylinders (not shown) to provide the upstream force.

The friction blocks 50, 50 a may be any suitable hard-wearing material which provides sufficient frictional contact with the wood panel to prevent slippage and maintain a consistent threshold pressure. Typical friction blocks may be manufactured from materials such as square metal tubes or plastic blocks.

As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the friction blocks 50, 50 a may also include a rubber sleeve 51, 51 a which is placed over each block. In this embodiment, the rubber sleeve may rotate around the block 50, 50 a as each panel is advanced along the deck. The use of rubber sleeves reduces the polishing of the friction blocks which may improve the consistency of the threshold pressure. In another embodiment, the rubber sleeves may be fixed to the block 50, 50 a in order that they do not rotate.

As indicated above, the upstream pressure system 30 may be positioned upstream or downstream of the friction blocks. As depicted in FIGS. 1 and 3, the upstream pressure system is upstream of the braking system. As depicted in FIGS. 2 and 4, the upstream pressure system is downstream of the friction blocks.

Furthermore, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, the braking system and upstream pressure system may include a number of individual elements spaced along the width of the deck. As shown in FIG. 2, a single and continuous friction block 50 extends along the width of the deck. As shown in FIG. 4, rubber sleeves as described above are positioned between adjacent hydraulic cylinders 52 around friction block 50.

Other embodiments of the braking system may include systems in which the friction block is a roller operatively connected to a disc brake having a threshold pressure which, once exceeded allows the panel to pass beneath. Still further systems may include chains and rollers as understood by those skilled in the art.

One Way Clamping System

The one way clamping system 18 includes at least one clamping member or dog 18 a (as shown in FIGS. 1, 1 a, and 2) pivotally connected to an immovable surface. The clamping member 18 a is angled downstream and pressured to engage the panel 12 such that if an upstream pressure is applied to the panel, the clamping member engages the panel and wedges the panel downwardly and prevent significant upstream movement. The wood contacting surface of the clamping member is designed to inflict minimal damage to the surface of the panel and, as such, may include a knurled and/or rubberized wood-contacting surface 18 b as would be understood by one skilled in the art. As shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of clamping members are distributed along the length of the deck as required to provide sufficient holding force from the upstream pressure system 30.

In a further embodiment of the one-way clamping system, the wood contacting surfaces of the clamping system are automatically actuated to engage with the panel just prior to the moment when the HDS 22 begins to move from the fully engaged position to the full disengaged position until the threshold pressure is reached on the next stroke. As shown in FIG. 4 a, the one-way clamping system includes a hydraulic cylinder 19 having a wood contacting member 19 a for movement into and against the panel 12. A back-stop member 19 b prevents backward or upstream movement of the wood contacting member 19 a. Accordingly, as the HDS 22 moves from the fully disengaged position, y, until the threshold pressure is reached and the panel begins to move forward, cylinder 19 is maintaining a downward pressure on the panel thereby resisting upstream movement of the panel by the upstream pressure system 30. As soon as the threshold pressure is reached by the HDS 22, wood contacting member 19 a retracts from engaged position z′ to disengaged position z allowing forward (downstream) movement of the panel 12. Wood-contacting member 19 a may also be hinged allowing one-way (downstream) movement of a panel as described above.

Actuation of the cylinder 19 may be accomplished using position sensors (not shown) as is known in the art. For example, a position sensor may detect movement of the panel (corresponding to the threshold pressure) to cause the cylinder 19 to retract to position z. Similarly, a position sensor may detect board contacting member 22 a just prior 10 to reaching position x and thereafter cause cylinder 19 to advance to position z′.

In yet a further embodiment of the one-way clamping system (as introduced above), knife blades 90, 90 a are attached to a wedge shaped backplate 95 and act to retard upstream movement of the panel 12 when set within the panel 12. The blades are hinged 15 on a pivot 92 and attached to a spring 91 allowing some movement of the panel in the downstream direction as the HDS begins to advance the slab but prior to the clamping system withdrawing. A plurality of knife blade sets are distributed across the width of the panel.

As shown in FIG. 6, the one-way clamping system includes a hydraulic cylinder 94 having a wedge-shaped wood contacting member 95 for movement into and against the panel 12. The wedge-shaped foot 95 allows for more even distribution of pressure and therefore reduced damage to the wood. Preferably, the knives 90 a, 90 a will penetrate the wood to a depth of around {fraction (1/8)} inch with a {fraction (1/2)} inch separation between each knife. A backstop member 93 prevents backward or upstream movement of the wood contacting knives 90, 90 a.

Accordingly, as the HDS 22 moves forward from the fully disengaged position, until the upstream pressure system threshold is overcome and the panel begins to move downstream, cylinder 19 is maintaining a downward pressure on the panel thereby resisting upstream movement of the panel by the upstream pressure system 30. As soon as the upstream pressure threshold is reached by the HDS 22 (or shortly thereafter), wood contacting knives 90, 90 a retract from the engaged position to the disengaged position, allowing forward (downstream) movement of the panel 12. As the clamping system is withdrawn, springs 91 retract the knives 90, 90 a against backplate 95.

Use of mechanically actuated one-way clamping system will preferably reduce the range of inter-joint pressures as shown schematically for strokes 2-7 in FIG. 5 a.

Panel Press System

In another embodiment of the wood-gluing system, a panel press system 80 is provided to assist in maintaining a flat panel (FIGS. 4 and 4 a). The panel press system 80 preferably includes a plurality of rails 82 across the width of the deck. Transverse to the rails 82 is a pressure bar 84 for applying a downward force against the rails 82. Downward force on the pressure bar is provided by at least one hydraulic cylinder 86. The panel press system 80 generally provides a downward pressure to the upstream end of the deck to minimize joint misalignment between adjacent boards prior to the glue setting up. Accordingly, and by virtue of the generally upstream location of the pressure bar 84, a greater downward force is provided at the location of the deck where the glue may be acting more as a lubricant between boards as opposed to an adhesive.

It is preferred that narrow rails 82 are in contact with the panel surface to minimize the surfaces available for contamination by any excess glue seeping from a joint which may otherwise over time increase the potential for joint misalignment.

Glue Station

The glue station 13 is located adjacent the linear shuttle 40 and includes extruding applicators 13 a for applying glue on edge 12 a of a board 12 b advancing along the linear shuttle 40. The glue station 13 has appropriate position sensors and control system to apply glue only as a new board is advancing and only as required for a specific panel width.

System Deployment

The system may be deployed as a stand-alone system either in a single-board or finger joint edge-gluing system or as a fully integrated component of a finger jointing system. In a finger jointing system where it is required that a longitudinal clamping pressure be applied to assembled finger-jointed blocks, the location of the one-way clamping system 18 and control of the HDS may be modified. Specifically, in order to allow proper longitudinal clamping pressures to be applied to the finger-jointed boards and with reference to the elements of FIG. 2 in dotted lines, the one-way clamping system 18′ (as shown in dotted lines) is positioned one-board width downstream of the HDS 22. Accordingly, after a plurality of loosely finger-jointed blocks are shuttled into position and the HDS 22 has advanced these blocks onto the deck, a longitudinal clamping system 19 is actuated to tightly interconnect the finger-jointed blocks. After the longitudinal clamping pressure has been applied and released, the next stroke of the HDS advances the board through the one-way clamping system 18′. FIG. 5 a shows a joint pressure profile for a combined edge-gluing/finger-joint system. As can be seen, in this embodiment, a narrow and high joint pressure is not realized until stroke 2.

The ability to create structural grade lunber using a flat joint is a particularly important feature of the invention in view of the advantages realized from a material recovery and commercial viability perspective. However, for completeness, in a further embodiment, the edges of each block may be shaped upstream to provide interlocking between adjacent boards. In this embodiment, appropriate shapers are positioned upstream of the glue station 13 to shape one or more edges of boards or pieces and appropriate modifications to the HDS may be required.

Adhesives

The adhesives used in the system are preferably adhesives meeting the ASTM 2559 standard including polyurethanes such as Franklin Reatite 8243.

System Control

The system can be controlled using programmable logic controllers having timers, pressure, temperature, flow and position sensors as is known in the art. In particular, appropriate control of the glue station will enable panels of different widths to be prepared.

Furthermore, while this description generally describes an edge-gluing system, it is understood that the faces of boards may be glued in a manner described above. Still further, edge-glued lumber prepared in accordance with the invention can be subsequently face glued for lamination into beams or used in vertical or horizontal structural applications.

EXAMPLES

FIG. 7 is representative data for 2×8 lumber obtained in accordance with the Western Wood Products Association (WWPA) (authorized by the National Grading Rule Committee (NGRC) to develop and maintain Western lumber grading rules) Glued Products Procedures and Quality Control C/QC 101 (incorporated herein by reference). Test results have similarly been obtained for 2×6 edge-glued lumber. Samples of 2×8 and 2×6 edge-glued SPF lumber met the criteria for grades up to No 1 and No 2 Certified Glued Lumber and received approval to be stamped or marked to reflect these qualities.

More specifically, FIG. 7 shows the data required to produce, and the calculated results, for the Modulus of Rupture “F_(b)” (MOR), and Modulus of Elasticity “E” (MOE). These design values are established and documented by the NLGA in the NLGA Jan. 1, 2002 Standards Manual Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber (“the Standard”) and incorporated herein by reference.

Production run structural lumber of varying widths was fabricated in accordance with the methodology described above. Inter-joint pressures of greater than 100 psi were maintained during the manufacturing process. Each lumber piece comprised a plurality of interlocked finger jointed blocks forming a single block-width board which was subsequently edge glued to at least one other single block-width board to form a length of structural lumber. Each block included reversible finger joints composed of 7 fingers ⅝″ long running parallel to the wide face of the lumber. The polyurethane adhesive used for both finger-jointing and edge-gluing was Franklin Reatite 8243 (Franklin International, Columbus, Ohio).

Edge-glued samples were randomly selected and tested for tension and delamination. For 2×8 testing, thirty (30) test samples were selected and tested for tension. Seven were tested for delamination. Twenty edge glued specimens were selected for block shear testing and five delamination specimens were selected and tested by an NLGA qualified inspector. Similarly, twenty (20) full size lumber bending samples were selected by a qualified inspector and tested on-site. For 2×6 testing, thirty (30) test samples were selected for tension and five for delamination tests.

Twenty edge-glued specimens were chosen for block shear and five delamination specimens were selected and tested. Full size lumber bending samples were selected and identified by an inspector and shipped to the inspection labs.

Specimen preparation and testing procedures were performed in accordance with The Standard. Bending strength testing was undertaken by applying hydraulic pressure to the centre of an end-supported sample and measuring the deflection for Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and the pressure required for destruction. Similarly shear testing applied tension on the sample until destruction. 

1. An apparatus for applying a consistent clamping pressure between a plurality of boards comprising: a) a deck for supporting a plurality of boards, the deck having an upstream end and downstream end; b) a horizontal displacement system operatively connected to the upstream end for applying a downstream force to the plurality of boards, the horizontal displacement system operable between a disengaged position allowing a new board to be positioned adjacent the upstream end and an engaged position where the plurality of boards is advanced towards the downstream end; c) a braking system operatively connected to the downstream end for retarding advancement of the plurality of boards along the deck when the downstream force is below a threshold pressure and for allowing advancement of the plurality of boards if the downstream force exceeds the threshold pressure, the braking system including an upstream pressure system for applying an upstream pressure to the plurality of boards when the horizontal displacement system is moving from the engaged position to the disengaged position; and, d) a one-way clamping system operatively connected to the deck for preventing upstream movement of the plurality of boards when the horizontal displacement system is moving from the engaged position to the disengaged position.
 2. A system as in claim 1 wherein the horizontal displacement system includes a horizontal displacement member actuated by at least one hydraulic cylinder.
 3. A system as in claim 1 wherein the braking system includes at least one friction plate adjacent the downstream end of the deck, the at least one friction plate for applying a downward pressure against the plurality of boards.
 4. A system as in claim 1 wherein the braking system includes a roller and rotary brake.
 5. A system as in claim 1 wherein the at least one friction plate is an upper and lower friction plate and the lower friction plate includes rollers allowing upstream and downstream motion of the lower friction plate.
 6. A system as in claim 1 wherein each at least one friction plates includes a rubber tread for rotational movement about each friction plate.
 7. A system as in claim 1 wherein the upstream pressure system includes at least one compression spring operatively attached to the braking system for applying the upstream pressure.
 8. A system as in claim 1 wherein the upstream pressure system includes at least one hydraulic cylinder operatively attached to the braking system for applying the upstream pressure.
 9. A system as in claim 1 wherein the upstream pressure system is either upstream or downstream of the braking system.
 10. A system as in claim 1 wherein the one-way clamping system includes a plurality of passive dogs biased against the deck.
 11. A system as in claim 1 wherein the one-way clamping system includes at least one mechanically actuated clamp, the mechanically actuated clamp responsive to the position of the horizontal displacement system.
 12. A system as in claim 1 wherein the one-way clamping system includes at least one mechanically actuated knife, for retarding upstream movement of the plurality of boards when the at least one knife is engaged with the plurality of boards.
 13. A system as in claim 12 wherein the one-way clamping system includes two mechanically actuated knives, for retarding the advancement of a plurality of boards along the deck.
 14. A system as in claim 12 wherein the at least one knife is pivotally connected to the one-way clamping system and biased against an upstream backstop.
 15. A system as in claim 1 further comprising a panel press system for providing a flattening pressure against a plurality of boards on the deck.
 16. A system as in claim 15 wherein the panel press system is adjacent the upstream end of the deck.
 17. A system as in claim 16 wherein the panel press system includes a plurality of rails for contacting the upper surface of the plurality of boards and a pressure bar system transverse to the rails for applying a downward force against the plurality of boards.
 18. A system as in claim 1 having a longitudinal clamping system operatively connected to the deck upstream of the one-way clamping system, the longitudinal clamping system for applying a longitudinal clamping pressure to a plurality of interlocked and finger-jointed boards.
 19. A system as in claim 2 wherein the braking system includes at least one friction plate adjacent the downstream end of the deck, and at least one friction plate for applying a downward pressure to the plurality of boards.
 20. A system as in claim 19 wherein the at least one friction plate is an upper and lower friction plate and the lower friction plate includes rollers allowing upstream and downstream motion of the lower friction plate.
 21. A system as in claim 19 wherein each at least one friction plates includes a rubber tread fixed to each of the at least one friction plates or rotatably attached to each at least one friction plate for rotational movement about each friction plate.
 22. A system as in claim 21 wherein the upstream pressure system includes at least one compression spring operatively attached to the braking system for applying the upstream pressure.
 23. A system as in claim 22 wherein the one-way clamping system includes a plurality of passive dogs biased against the deck.
 24. A system as in claim 23 wherein the one-way clamping system includes at least one mechanically actuated clamp, the mechanically actuated clamp responsive to the position of the horizontal displacement system.
 25. A system as in claim 24 further comprising a panel press system for providing a flattening pressure against a plurality of boards on the deck.
 26. A system as in claim 25 wherein the panel press system is adjacent the upstream end of the deck.
 27. A system as in claim 26 wherein the panel press system includes a plurality of rails for contacting the upper surface of the plurality of boards and a pressure bar system transverse to the rails for applying a downward force against the plurality of boards.
 28. A system as in claim 27 having a longitudinal clamping system operatively connected to the deck upstream of the one-way clamping system, the longitudinal clamping system for applying a longitudinal clamping pressure to a plurality of interlocked and finger-jointed boards.
 29. A system for maintaining a high inter-joint pressure across a plurality of glued boards being continuously assembled on a deck, comprising a downstream pressure system, a braking system, an upstream pressure system and a clamping system operatively connected to the deck.
 30. A method of maintaining a high inter-joint pressure between a plurality of boards being assembled into a panel or beam comprising the steps of: a) advancing a board across a deck by a horizontal displacement system through a clamping system restricting upstream movement of the board; and b) restricting the downstream movement of the plurality of boards with a braking system having a threshold pressure, the braking system further providing an upstream pressure against the clamping system.
 31. A method as in claim 30 wherein the plurality of boards are manufactured from finger-jointed blocks of wood and step a) further comprises applying a longitudinal clamping pressure to the finger-jointed blocks prior to advancement through the clamping system.
 32. A structural wood product comprising a plurality of edge-glued boards wherein the structural wood product meets any one of or a combination of NLGA and NGRC standards for No 2 or higher wood grades.
 33. A structural wood product as in claim 32 wherein each board comprises a plurality of finger-jointed blocks.
 34. A structural wood product as in claim 32 wherein the NLGA and NGRC standards are No 1 or higher.
 35. A structural wood product as in claim 32 wherein the dimensions of the structural wood product are 2×6 or 2×8.
 36. A structural wood product as in claim 32 wherein the edge-glued boards are cold-pressed and the glue is a polyurethane.
 37. A structural wood product as in claim 32 wherein the edge-glued boards include a certified adhesive meeting ASTM
 2559. 38. A structural wood product as in claim 32 wherein the edge-glued boards have flat edges.
 39. A structural wood product as in claim 32 wherein edge-glued boards are cold clamped. 